Adipose Tissue – Fat’s Neurodevelopmental Potential
Here, we explore why an intravenous infusion of a parent’s Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells (ADRCs), administered under the Federal Right to Try Act of 2017, improved developmental progress in four children with diverse diagnoses. ^{[1] [2]}

(Note: Quotes are summarized and lightly edited for clarity.)
Rasmussen’s Encephalitis
“Ann’s imagination has been back in full force. She would play, but it seems she’s more imaginative. Do you agree, Mom? “

“Absolutely, the picture she made yesterday was really original…not the rote pictures of hearts she’s made the last months (love the love in the hearts, but it seemed she didn’t have access to the rest of her experience).”

Disorders of the Corpus Callosum
“Becky is walking all over the place. I let her decide where she is going unless we are running late, and then I hold her hand. She is doing so well.”

Rett Syndrome
“Sally has been very engaged. There are moments throughout the day when she is completely engaged, making eye contact and smiling, and she even finds things funny now.”

Idiopathic Autism
“Ashley is more complimentary and appreciative, overall, more alive!”

Common Symptoms – Different Diagnoses – A New Cell-Assisted Therapeutic Approach

“Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication,” according to Autism Speaks.

Adipose Tissue and the ADRCs residing within it contain a heretofore well-kept secret that prophesies a new cell therapy-based standard of care for ASD. More on that in a moment; first, let’s demystify developmental disabilities.

Contrary to conventional thought, a growing body of scientific evidence indicates that the Central Nervous System (CNS) alone does not cause ASD symptoms. Instead, researchers connect multiple body systems with developmental delays, seizures, and related health issues.

“Many behaviors and physiologic imbalances are common in secondary or known-cause autism and idiopathic or unknown-cause autism.” (Casanova et al. 2020)^[3]

ASD stymies neurologists, pediatricians, and basic scientists for an apparent reason: It involves not just one spectrum but also sub-spectrums, sub-sub-spectrums, and so on.

For example, “Rett syndrome is caused by mutations on the X chromosome on a gene called MECP2. There are more than 900 different mutations found on the MECP2 gene, most found in eight different ‘hot spots…’, explains the International Rett Syndrome Foundation.

Yet pharma and biotech focus on their unvaried one drug, one disease (or symptom) model. ASD’s diversity of causes and range of symptoms makes that approach unworkable. Additionally, the prescribed drugs often come with black box warnings, a multitude of potential side effects, and unpredictable interactions. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

Contrary to the drug development model, ADRCs are an “adipopharmacy.”

This mixed cell population uses natural intelligence (NI) to reverse the multiple dysregulations that cause the common ASD symptoms. From another angle, we have moved beyond the one-cell does-it-all paradigm. ^{[7] [8] [9]}

 

Notably, ADRCs “don’t care” about the cause, e.g., genetic, trauma, environmental, or brain malformation.  Our subcutaneous fat doesn’t express these factors.

“ADRCs are smarter than we are; we just have to get out of the way and let them do their job,” said one prominent stem cell researcher.

HYPOTHESIS – LINKING AT WITH FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT IN ASD

1. A dissonance of physiologic dysregulations accounts for the common ASD symptoms and comorbidities. ^[10]
2. Adipose tissue helps conduct our systemic symphony.
3. ADRCs play the score by secreting hundreds of trophic (nutritional) factors (the secretome).
4. The secretome restores multisystem harmony regardless of what instruments or section caused the body’s orchestra to play out of tune, e.g., a genetic mutation, environmental factors, congenital tissue malformations, or a combination thereof.
5. Through neighboring cell-to-cell communication (the paracrine effect), ADRCs reharmonize the neurochemical imbalances that contribute to brain fog, lack of visual focus, anxiety, depression, seizures, and pain.^{[11] [12]}

Just as music evokes an appropriate emotional response, a trend toward neurochemical balance and multisystem homeostasis, by definition, improves the quality of life for people with ASD-related functional deficits.

Ambrose Cell Therapy for ASD takes advantage of ADRCs’ lead in keeping subcutaneous adipose tissue healthy, even later in life. The fact that we can maintain or gain weight when we are older proves this point. This attribute is undeterred by chronic diseases, genetics, and environmental factors.^{[13] [14] [15]}

ADIPOSE Tissue: The Body’s Pipe Organ—

“In my eyes and ears, the organ is the King of Instruments.”
– Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

A January 2024 PubMed search discovered over 145,000 papers on the science of adipose tissue. An understanding of the literature concludes that adipose tissue is the “pipe organ” of the body, including the brain.

Like the pipe organ imitates strings, horns, percussion, or wind instruments, adipose tissue (AT) functions as at least three bona fide organs.

• Endocrine—AT secretes hormones that control nutritional intake, metabolism, sexual function, fertility, immunity, vascular health, and more.

• Immune – AT contains all the immune cells of the body.

• Neurologic – AT releases neurochemicals to the brain and other organs. ^[16]

From another angle, AT contains endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which stimulate blood cell formation and vascular and immune health, all factors that contribute to neurologic health. ^[17]

In 2001, UCLA and University of Pittsburgh researchers unveiled a pool of multipotent cells in adipose tissue.^[18] (Zuk et al. 2001)  More than twenty years of research and over 115,000 publications followed their seminal paper.

Did the investigators imagine their discovery would lead to a brighter future for Ann, Ashley, Sally, Becky, and others with developmental disorders?

Uncommon Causes – A Common Connection

Peer-reviewed literature confirms an unexpected set of factors cause or contribute to ASD functional deficits, seizures, or inappropriate behaviors.

“The classical approach to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is often limited to considering their neuro-functional aspects. However, recent scientific literature has shown that ASDs also affect many body systems and apparatuses such as the immune system, the sensory-motor system, and the gut-brain axis. The connective tissue, a common thread linking all these structures, may have a pathogenetic role in the multisystem involvement of ASD.”  (Zoccante et al Feb. 2022) ^[19]

Connective tissue supports and protects our body’s systems and organs. However,  connective tissue abnormalities lie at the heart of a wide range of diseases.  In his paper, Dr. Zoccante coined the term “connectiviome” and included ASD in the connective tissue disorder spectrum.

The connectiviome theory begs the question: Can ADRCs that keep adipose connective tissue healthy be repurposed for treating ASD?  But first, what other body systems connect to developmental delays?

THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE CONNECTIVEIOME

“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with atypical autonomic nervous system (ANS) function.” (Taylor et al. 2021) ^[20]

Your autonomic (self-governing) nervous system controls unconscious processes such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle control, and bladder and bowel function.

The ANS consists of two nervous systems that supply or restrain nervous energy (innervate):

• The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulates your fight-or-flight (stress) response.
• Through the vagus nerve, the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) inhibits your SNS, allowing you to “rest and digest.”

In other words, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work in concert to stimulate or inhibit various body processes.  Their contrary but complementary functions help maintain whole-body balance or homeostasis, including in the gut.

Our SNS and PNS supply nerves to (innervate) connective tissue, including subcutaneous fat. Therefore, connective tissue health and disease are linked with ANS function or dysfunction.

Therein lies another notable connection between healthy fat and our ADRCs’ potential to retune the autonomic nervous system.

ADRCS RESTORE ANS BALANCE

Before cell therapy, Ashley and Ann displayed aggressive and repetitive behaviors, symptoms of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyper-arousal.

Following their intravenous delivery of ADRCs (ADRC-IV), their families shared their girl’s sustained behavioral improvements:

• “Ashley’s aggressive behavior is gone after her treatment,” says her mom.
• “Ann’s aunt noticed she wasn’t aggressive like she was before her cell therapy.”
• Ashley’s mom says she is joining her family and friends in conversations.
• Sally’s mom says she is “engaged.”

ADRCs and the Second Brain – The Gut Microbiome

Notably, the Vagus Nerve (VN), which extends from the base of the brain to the stomach, regulates the gut-brain axis. Thus, by reactivating the VN (restoring vagal tone), ADRCs also restore gut microbiome homeostasis. ^[21]

“Ann’s constipation is better,” reported her mother four months after ADRC therapy.

These dramatic behavior changes indicate that their girls’ parasympathetic nervous systems are more in tune with their environment. In addition, ADRCs restored Ann’s brain-gut-adipose-tissue communication pathways.^[22]

Autonomic and Autoimmune Dysregulation

Many people believe inflammation is the root of all physical and emotional evils. However, there is more to it than that.

An out-of-control autonomic stress response raises cortisol and adrenaline levels, lighting the inflammation fire. Then, the immune system throws gas on the flames, resulting in autoimmune diseases. ^[23]

UC Davis Mind Institute studies find that ASD children have reduced immune system regulation, as well as shifts in their gut microbiome. A family history of autoimmune diseases adds fuel to the multisystem dysregulation blaze. ^{[24] [25] [26]}

In sum, the connectiviome, autonomic dysfunction, and autoimmune dysregulation disconnect the CNS and other systems of the developmentally delayed. ^[27] There is still more to the multisystem dysregulation cacophony.

ADSC’s immunomodulation mechanism plays a crucial role. They interact with immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, to modulate the immune response. ^[28]

Neurochemical Imbalances

The symphony’s conductor directs the musicians so that their performance enlivens our emotions. However, while only one conductor leads a symphony, a group of conductors called neurochemicals orchestrates our brains and peripheral and autonomic nervous systems.

Strikingly, over 40 neurochemicals guide our nervous systems. Then, our nerves direct our muscles and organs.

Research has identified altered neurochemical pathways involved in Rett Syndrome, epilepsy, brain injury, and other diagnoses along the continuum. ^[29]

“In this review, we aim to delineate the state-of-the-art main research findings about the neurochemical alterations in autism etiology…” (Marotta et al. 2020) ^[30]

ADIPOSE TISSUE – OUR THIRD BRAIN

The adipose tissue as a third brain (Chaldakov et al. 2009) connects the adipose tissue secretome with neurochemical, ANS, and multisystem harmony.

“Altogether, this may, like neuroendocrinology and neuroimmunology, open a novel field of research, neuroadipobiology. Its development may help humans stay lean, thoughtful, and noble.” (Emphasis added) ^[31]

The literature suggests that ADRCs harness neuroadipobiology and reverse “irreversible” neurochemistry.

Neurotrophic Factors (NF)

As a conductor directs the orchestra, NFs orchestrate our neurons’ growth, survival, and repair. They feed molecular nutrients to the brain, nervous, vascular, and immune systems. ^[32]

Examples:

• Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an essential role in neuroplasticity and neurodevelopment.^[33]
• Insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) helps kids grow.

ADRCs increase NF levels

Ashley was at the 25^th percentile of weight for her age, indicative of a lack of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1). She was also behind in school, suggesting reduced BDNF levels. ^{[34] [35]}

Within several months of her cell therapy, Ashley:

• Weighed in the 95^th percentile, or average.^[36]
• Graduated second grade with 100% final exam scores.

Ann’s reading level “improved by a whole grade” in the first five months of sixth grade,” her mom said.

Sally’s BMI (body mass index) was at the 15^th percentile before her treatment. Four months after her treatment, she also reached the 95^th percentile.

Ashley’s, Ann’s, and Sally’s restored development after extended delays suggests that their respective parents’ ADRCs increased IGF-1, BDNF, and other NFs.

Cell biology literature supports this theory.^{[37] [38] [39] [40] [41]}

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters carry messages from one nerve cell across to the next nerve, muscle, or gland cell, explains the Cleveland Clinic.

Dozens of neurotransmitters riff back and forth, depending on the tone of life’s music, like a jazz quartet in a jam session. Their proper balance creates a sense of well-being, energy, restfulness, excitement, relaxation, and so forth.

Example:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) calms. Think of GABA as a mellow tune that helps you relax. On the opposite side of the coin, glutamate plays dance music.   But if the music blares, GABA levels reduce, and glutamate increases.

• Reduced GABA influences visual perception, which could explain Ashley’s lazy eye and Becky’s lack of visual focus. ^{[42] [43] [44]}

After cell therapy, their moms shared:

• “All this (Becky’s) new eye contact is fabulous.”
• “Ashley’s lazy eye is gone.” ^{[45] [46]}

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) helps harmonize the central and peripheral nervous systems. It plays alongside GABA and glutamate. NPY’s functions include controlling epileptic seizures. Research has shown a significant reduction in NPY levels during the delayed post-seizure recovery (postictal period). ^[47]

• Sally had a history of fever-induced seizures (febrile seizures). A month after her ADRC infusion, she caught a high fever and a UTI. This time, “No seizures,” reported her mom.
• Ten months after Ann received ADRCs, her mother and grandmother noted a significant reduction in seizures, and that when “Ann does have a glitch, she recovers right away. In fact, she talked right through one,” noted her mother.

Lest we undervalue Ann’s dramatic improvement, even if imperfect, several seizures per day or “seizure clusters” increase the risk of sudden unexplained death (SUND) by 2.5 times.^[48]

Neuroendocrine hormones

“The central neuroendocrine systems are responsible for the control of homeostatic processes in the body, including reproduction, growth, metabolism and energy balance, and stress responsiveness.” (Gore 2010) ^[49]

Example:

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine maintain homeostasis through the autonomic nervous system.

• Epinephrine (adrenaline), an adrenal hormone, takes over in acute stress. It increases inflammation, raises your heart rate and blood pressure, etc.
• When the stress subsides, dopamine brings a sense of pleasure and reward.

This continuous balancing act between dopamine and adrenal hormones also plays a role in your fight-or-flight response.

After ADRC therapy:

• Ann had a setback with her annual flu shot. It took about a week, but her mom messaged, “Ann is back to her bubbly self.”
• “Ashley is joining conversations. She never did that before,” said her mom.
• “Sally’s dad dropped something on the floor. She picked it up and handed it back to her dad!”. Her mom said this was the first time Sally had demonstrated initiative with perfect motor control. The family started singing “stem cells, stem cells, stem cells” in recognition of Sally’s new ability.

Neurochemical Summary

ADRCs’ treasure trove of signaling molecules, hormones, growth factors, and neurotrophic factors helps:

• Rebalance the brain’s neurochemicals.
• Reduce neuroinflammation and immune dysregulation.
• Rehabilitate neuroplasticity.
• Improve ANS function and vagal tone.
• Improve blood flow and glucose metabolism in the brain. ^[50]
• Restore multisystem homeostasis.^{[51] [52] [53] [54] [55]}

Conclusion

Ambrose Cell Therapy has demonstrated with four ASD patients with different diagnoses that a single infusion of a parent’s ADRCs made a profound difference in their developmental progress and quality of life. These strong signals of safety and effectiveness call for continued investigation and therapy under the Federal Right to Try Act of 2017.

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In Oct 2021, Mary Grace, a 58-year-old adventurer, retraumatized her left knee trekking the Himalayas. Until then, she had surmounted a hospitalizing concussion, sports injuries, constant pain, brain fog, and chronic fatigue to scale new heights. But this incident was different – an air ambulance brought her down the mountain.

Mary Grace exercised her Right to Try AMBROSE Cell Therapy six weeks later. Her two-year patient-reported outcome demonstrates that a Golden Era of Cell-Assisted Fitness has begun.

Over the 24 months following her single Ambrose treatment, Mary Grace resumed hiking, skiing, and open-water swimming in Mexico – against the tide, no less. She took up windsurfing alongside whales, too.

Her training culminated with hiking 75 miles of the Appalachian Trail with a backpack and sleeping in a tent – without injury or relapse.

Here, we tie Mary Grace’s downfall to an unsuspected culprit and explain how her adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) started her climb back to extraordinary fitness levels. Or, as she says, “I am doing more than I ever had before.”

 Tiger’s Travails

In contrast to Mary Grace’s return to fitness, too many elite athletes like Tiger Woods, fitness fanatics, and weekend warriors resort to surgery, drugs, and devices (the standard of care). But they find themselves resigned to living with limitations and pain.   More on Tiger’s road to retirement despite access to the best surgeons fame can buy later. First, what led to Mary Grace’s fall from grace?

Over Training Syndrome – Too Fit?

Mary Grace’s exercise program embraced the five pillars of physical fitness: (1) body composition, (2) flexibility, (3) muscular strength, (4) muscular endurance, and (5) cardiorespiratory endurance.

Mary Grace should have been a pillar of health as she approached her sixties, a pivotal point in healthspan.  However, her love of demanding sports resulted in overtraining syndrome (OTS).

More than 90 years ago, physiologists recognized that sustained, intense training reduces athletic performance by perturbing multiple body systems.

Mary Grace’s arthritic shoulder, painful knees, hips, elbow, neck, back, and feet were the tip of the OTS iceberg. Chronic fatigue, injury proneness, burnout, and brain fog are part and parcel of this sparsely discussed but common condition.^[1] 

Adventurous Meets Risk Adverse

For Mary Grace, going under the knife was not worth the risk. As she put it, “I have been in the healthcare business my whole career. No way would I get surgery or joint replacements.” As for giving up on adventure, she stated, “I am too young to grow old.”

Mary Grace knew there was a better option. Her husband, Thomas, accessed his ADRCs for a 25-year-old knee injury with Ambrose’s predecessor group in 2016. He had extensive scar damage from his 1991 orthoscopic surgery. Prior to Ambrose, his doctor recommended a knee replacement and shoulder surgery to repair a torn rotator cuff.

After his ADRC-based protocol, Thomas returned to walking, losing 25 pounds in short order.  Seven years out, Thomas functions fine with his own knee. His shoulder gets a little stiff from time to time, but he works it out with some exercise.

The Autonomic Nervous System – Hanging Fitness in the Balance

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) works without our conscious direction; hence, it is “autonomous.”

The ANS controls inflammation, immune regulation, blood pressure, bladder and bowel function, the gut microbiome, and more. ^[2]

Working out too hard or for too long imbalances the autonomic nervous system, regardless of how “fit” the person appears. Contrary to popular belief, fitness fanatics get sick more often and are more prone to autoimmune disorders than people in the Blue Zones who garden, walk, and socialize with friends.^{[3] [4]}

A go-go-go life, Covid, Epstein-Barr Virus (mononucleosis), and Lyme Disease infections can have an “overtraining” effect as well.  ^{[5] [6] [7]}

Just as Buddha found Nirvana in Nepal, restoring autonomic nervous system (ANS) balance leads to the Nirvana of Health: multisystem balance or homeostasis.

The Autonomic Nervous System Two Divisions.

Sympathetic Division: 

• Mary Grace thrives on open water swimming in Puerto Vallarta. But when she spotted a hammerhead shark, her sympathetic nervous system went into action. Her blood pressure increased, her heartbeat elevated, and her digestion slowed.

Parasympathetic Division

• When Mary Grace finishes swimming with the whales, she chills with her husband and friends. Here, the parasympathetic nervous system plays a rest and digest tune. Relaxation and laughter set in. The sympathetic nervous system calms down. ^[8]

Vagus Nerve

The vagus nerve is our physiology’s fitness coach.  It guides the brain’s connections with the spine, heart, lungs, kidneys, and gut. The VN transitions the autonomic nervous system from stress to rest and back again as appropriate.

When Mary Grace’s sympathetic nervous system was overactivated, her parasympathetic nervous system and vagus nerve underperformed.

A hyperactive sympathetic response raises cortisol and adrenaline levels, lighting the inflammation fire. Then, the immune system throws gas on the flames, resulting in autoimmune diseases. ^[9]

Parasympathetic underactivity or reduced vagal tone contributes to depression, brain fog, fatigue, insomnia, and weakness. It’s like resting when you don’t want to and not being able to sleep when you need to. ^[10]

ADRCs Restore ANS Function and Vagal Tone

In 2017, researchers at Houston Methodist documented significant ANS improvements in two patients with autonomic dysfunction (dysautonomia)/ after a single autologous adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) infusion.

The post-treatment follow-up studies showed:

• Increased vagal tone
• Stabilized blood pressure and heart rates
• Improved circulation in the brain
• Reduced Inflammatory markers ^[11]

Mary Grace’s revived mental clarity, energy, and lack of pain indicate her ADRCs restored enduring ANS function.

Tiger’s Travails

In contrast to Mary Grace’s near pain-free turnaround, Tiger Woods epitomizes the risks of excessive training and relying on surgeries, followed by medications, to manage his pain and depression.

• In 1994, when he was just 18 years old, a surgeon removed two benign tumors and scar tissue from his left knee. Over the next 27 years, he had five back surgeries, four more knee operations, recurrent Achilles tendon tears, and a neck strain.
• In May 2017, police arrested Tiger on suspicion of driving under the influence. A toxicology report revealed: Two opioids, Vicodin and Dilaudid, a benzodiazepine, Xanax, that induces feelings of calm (anxiolysis), drowsiness, and sleep, Ambien, a “z-drug” for sleep, and a cannabinoid, THC, for pain, according to com.
• In 2022, a catastrophic car crash nearly killed him, requiring several life-saving surgeries. His doctors operated on him two more times after that. ^[12]

Ironically, when Mary Grace resumed training for the Appalachian trail, Tiger withdrew from the Hero World Challenge due to plantar fasciitis in November 2022. He was walking too much, a telling sign of how far his fitness had fallen.

At the 2023 Masters, Tiger Woods, in last place, withdrew before play resumed on Sunday due to injury. He told fans this was probably his last attempt at another Green Jacket.

During the same week, Mary Grace described her Appalachian trail training, “I hiked backward and up steep hills. I swam against the tide for a half mile, returned, and swam back against the tide. I bounce back faster. I couldn’t even do that when I was younger.”

While Mary Grace is not a world-class competitive athlete, the comparison holds. Few women have adventured to so many places in so many ways as her.

Mary Grace is just getting started—

And while Tiger continues to suffer, Mary Grace says, “I didn’t realize how much pain I was in until I wasn’t in it anymore.”

Published studies, including over 80 Celution System peer-reviewed papers, support Mary Grace’s conclusion: “After my stem cell treatment, I feel sharper and have better energy. I feel great and am doing more than I have ever done.” ^{[13] [14]}.^{[15] [16] [17] [18]}

[1] Armstrong LE et al. (2022) Overtraining Syndrome as a Complex Systems Phenomenon. Front. Netw. Physiol. 1:794392.

[2] Bellocchi C et al. The Interplay between Autonomic Nervous System and Inflammation across Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 23;23(5):2449.

[3] Kajaia T et al. THE EFFECTS OF NON-FUNCTIONAL OVERREACHING AND OVERTRAINING ON AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION IN HIGHLY TRAINED ATHLETES. Georgian Med News. 2017 Mar;(264):97-103.

[4] Leal A et al. ‘Inflammation and Autonomic Function’, Autonomic Nervous System. InTech, Oct. 24, 2018.

[5] Lehmann, M. (1998). Autonomic Imbalance Hypothesis and Overtraining Syndrome. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30 (7), 1140–1145.9

[6] Kreher JB, Schwartz JB. Overtraining Syndrome: A Practical Guide. Sports Health. 2012;4(2):128-138.

[7] Acanfora, D et al. Impaired Vagal Activity in Long-COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2022, 14, 1035.

[8] Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ. The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex–linking immunity and metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012 Dec;8(12):743-54.

[9] Bellocchi C et al. The Interplay between Autonomic Nervous System and Inflammation across Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 23;23(5):2449.

[10] Shinba T et al. Major Depressive Disorder and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Show Characteristic Heart Rate Variability Profiles Reflecting Autonomic Dysregulations: Differentiation by Linear Discriminant Analysis. Sensors (Basel). 2023 Jun 4;23(11):5330.

[11] Numan M et al. Autologous Adipose Stem Cell Therapy for Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Two Young Patients STEM CELLS AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 26, Number 6, 2017

[12] https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2727452-tiger-woods-toxicology-report-reveals-5-drugs-in-his-system-during-dui-arrest  https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/drug-addiction/tiger-woods-dui-prescription-drugs/

[13] Vaquero J, et al. Progressive increase in brain glucose metabolism after intrathecal administration of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in patients with diffuse axonal injury. Cytotherapy. 2017 Jan;19(1):88-94.

[14] Bonsack B, Corey S, Shear A, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy alleviates the neuroinflammation associated with acquired brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020;26:603–615.

[15] Mosser DM, Hamidzadeh K, Goncalves R. Macrophages and the maintenance of homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Mar;18(3):579-587.

[16] Vizoso FJ et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Homeostasis and Systemic Diseases: Hypothesis, Evidences, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 31;20(15):3738.

[17] Naik S et al. Two to Tango: Dialog between Immunity and Stem Cells in Health and Disease. Cell. 2018 Nov 1;175(4):908-920. 

[18] Kallal N et al. “Regulation of autoimmune‐mediated neuroinflammation by endothelial cells.” European Journal of Immunology (2024): 2350482.